Lecture on Hyperbolic Functions

Lecture on Hyperbolic Functions Theory, Derivations, and Applications

1. Introduction to Hyperbolic Functions Hyperbolic functions are analogs of trigonometric functions but are defined using exponential functions rather than the unit circle. They appear in various areas of mathematics, physics, and engineering, including: – Calculus (integration, differentiation, and differential equations) – Physics (relativity, heat transfer, and wave mechanics) – Engineering (catenary structures, transmission lines)…

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central limit theorem

Understanding the Central Limit Theorem: Importance, Applications, and Calculations

Introduction The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is one of the cornerstones of statistical theory and a powerful concept in probability. This theorem explains why the normal distribution appears so often in real-world data, even when the original data doesn’t follow a normal distribution. Understanding CLT is crucial for statisticians, data analysts, and anyone working with…

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setting up a data lake from scratch

setting up a data lake from scratch

What is a Data Lake? A data lake is a centralized repository that stores vast amounts of raw data in its native format. Unlike traditional data warehouses, which require predefined schemas and are optimized for structured data, data lakes store unprocessed data. This approach provides greater flexibility for advanced analytics, real-time data processing, and machine…

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APACHE SPARK

Apache Spark with Python 101—Quick Start to PySpark (2025)

Apache Spark is an open source, distributed engine for large-scale data processing. It was developed at UC Berkeley’s AMPLab in 2009 (and released publicly in 2010), mainly to address the limitations of Hadoop MapReduce—particularly for iterative algorithms and interactive data analysis. Spark executes programs significantly faster—up to 100x quicker than Hadoop MapReduce in certain workloads—primarily due to its in-memory processing capabilities. Plus,…

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llms

How LLMs Work: Step-by-Step Explanation

What is a large language model (LLM)? Large Language Models are machine learning models that employ Artificial Neural Networks and large data repositories to power Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. An LLM serves as a type of AI model designed to be able to grasp, create, and manipulate natural language. These models rely on deep…

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