In the age of large language models (LLMs), Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as one of the most powerful approaches for building intelligent applications. Whether you’re creating a chatbot, a document assistant, or an enterprise knowledge engine, three pillars make RAG work: embedding models, chunking, and vector databases. This article breaks down what they are,…
Beyond DPO: New Multimodal Alignment Methods in TRL Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are becoming more capable, but aligning them with human preferences remains crucial. Previously, we introduced Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) for VLMs in TRL. Now, we’re pushing further with three advanced alignment techniques: Mixed Preference Optimization (MPO) – Combines DPO, SFT, and quality loss for better reasoning Group Relative Policy…
Partial differential equations (PDEs) are classified into different types based on their characteristics, which determine the nature of their solutions and the appropriate solution methods. The three most important PDEs in mathematical physics are: Read: Introduction to Tensor Calculus a key Component in Machine Learning building Partial differential equations (PDEs) are used in machine learning…
Brief Historical Introduction to Laplace Transform The Laplace Transform is a cornerstone of mathematical physics and engineering, with deep historical roots dating back to the 18th century. Named after Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827), a French mathematician and astronomer, this transformative tool emerged as part of his work on probability and celestial mechanics. Read: Introduction to Tensor…
Mobile development has evolved from a simple question of “iOS or Android?” into a rich, multi-faceted discipline that intersects technology, design, business strategy, and human behavior. Where developers once debated programming languages like Swift and Kotlin, today the discussion encompasses cross-platform frameworks, AI-powered personalization, wearable integration, AR/VR, sustainability, and evolving monetization models. For businesses and…
If you’ve always wanted to build an Android app but had no idea where to start, this guide is for you. In this beginner-friendly tutorial, we’ll walk you through the process of building your very first Android app using Kotlin, the modern language officially supported by Google for Android development. Video by Annyce Visit her…
Being in love comes with a desire to stay connected—even when you’re busy. Whether it’s a warm “Good Morning” at 5:00 AM, a thoughtful midday check-in, or a sweet “Good Night,” consistent communication keeps the spark alive. But what if you could automate those loving messages without manually sending them every single day? In this…
What is Mixture of Experts? Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a technique that uses many different sub-models (or “experts”) to improve the quality of LLMs. Two main components define a MoE: Experts – Each FFNN layer now has a set of “experts” of which a subset can be chosen. These “experts” are typically FFNNs themselves. Router or gate…
Fourier series is a powerful concept in mathematics and engineering that allows us to express periodic functions (functions that repeat their values in regular intervals) as the sum of simple sine and cosine waves.
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is quickly redefining how we build and deploy intelligent AI systems. It isn’t a replacement for large language models (LLMs)—it’s the missing piece that makes them useful in real-world settings. With hallucinations, outdated knowledge, and limited memory being persistent LLM issues, RAG introduces a smarter approach: retrieve factual information from reliable sources,…
