What is Selection Bias and How Does It Affect Data Analysis? In data analysis and machine learning, one of the most significant challenges is ensuring that the data used for training models is representative of the population or real-world scenarios the model will encounter in the future. If the data is skewed, incomplete, or unrepresentative,…
Large Language Models (LLMs) come in various optimized forms, each designed for specific use cases, efficiency, and performance. In this guide, we’ll explore the different types of LLMs (like distilled, quantized, sparse, and MoE models) and how they are trained. In the fast-evolving world of Large Language Models (LLMs), different model types serve different performance and deployment goals…
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is no longer a futuristic concept – it is deeply integrated into our everyday lives, powering everything from virtual assistants to advanced robotics.
How to Build a Data Warehouse from Scratch: Cost + Examples Building a data warehouse from scratch can seem overwhelming, but it is a game-changer for organizations aiming to harness data for informed decision-making. While the initial investment in time and resources might be substantial, the long-term benefits—such as improved data quality, actionable insights, and…
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have become the go-to architecture for image-related tasks in deep learning.
Numbers are everywhere. From managing finances to analyzing data, we constantly interact with them. But what exactly are numbers? In this post, we’ll explore the beautiful journey of numbers through number theory, and bring it all together with a Python program that showcases each type of number in action. The Evolution of Numbers Natural Numbers…
How a Large Language Model (LLM) predicts the next word, including all the mathematical operations involved at each step, with the appropriate vector and tensor manipulations.
Understanding the Assumptions of Linear Regression Linear regression is a powerful statistical technique used for modeling the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. While the model can be highly effective for making predictions, its validity and accuracy depend on certain assumptions being met. These assumptions ensure that the model fits…
Artificial Intelligence is no longer a futuristic concept—it’s a disruptive force reshaping the present. In 2025, AI is deeply integrated into the fabric of our personal, professional, and societal systems. From how we work to how we protect the planet, here are six major trends defining AI’s growing influence across industries. 1. AI + Work:…
The journey to today’s sophisticated chatbots began decades ago with simple rule-based systems. The field of natural language processing (NLP) has undergone several revolutions: 1. Early Systems (1960s-1990s): ELIZA (1966) and PARRY (1972) used pattern matching to simulate conversation, but had no real understanding. 2. Statistical NLP (1990s-2010s): Systems began using probabilistic models and machine…
