Data Science

April 2025
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Apache Spark with Python 101—Quick Start to PySpark (2025)

charles1 week ago1 week ago052 mins

Apache Spark is an open source, distributed engine for large-scale data processing. It was developed at UC Berkeley’s AMPLab in 2009 (and released publicly in 2010), mainly to address the limitations of Hadoop MapReduce—particularly for iterative algorithms and interactive data analysis. Spark executes programs significantly faster—up to 100x quicker than Hadoop MapReduce in certain workloads—primarily due to its in-memory processing capabilities. Plus,…

Understanding the Difference Between Long and Wide Format Data in Data Analysis

charles2 months ago08 mins

What is the Difference Between Long and Wide Format Data? In data analysis and data science, organizing your data correctly is a crucial step that can significantly impact the efficiency and accuracy of your analysis. Two common ways to organize data are long format and wide format. Understanding the difference between the two formats…

What is Data Science? Understanding the Differences Between Supervised and Unsupervised Learning

charles2 months ago08 mins

What is Data Science? Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that blends various tools, algorithms, machine learning principles, and statistical techniques with the ultimate goal of extracting valuable insights from raw data. The primary focus of data science is to analyze large and complex data sets to uncover patterns, trends, and relationships that can…

Exploring Non-Gaussian Data Sets: Understanding Binomial, Poisson, and More

charles2 months ago4 weeks ago010 mins

What is an Example of a Data Set with a Non-Gaussian Distribution? In the world of machine learning and statistics, the Gaussian distribution (also known as the normal distribution) is one of the most commonly used distributions. This distribution is often assumed for many algorithms because it has nice mathematical properties, such as being symmetric…

Understanding Selection Bias: How It Impacts Data Analysis and Modeling

charles2 months ago2 months ago010 mins

What is Selection Bias and How Does It Affect Data Analysis? In data analysis and machine learning, one of the most significant challenges is ensuring that the data used for training models is representative of the population or real-world scenarios the model will encounter in the future. If the data is skewed, incomplete, or unrepresentative,…

Understanding Statistical Interaction in Research

charles2 months ago2 months ago08 mins

What is a Statistical Interaction? In research and statistical modeling, understanding how independent variables affect a dependent variable is key to drawing meaningful conclusions. However, the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable can be more complex when other independent variables are involved. This complexity is referred to as statistical interaction. A statistical…

Key Assumptions for Linear Regression: Ensuring Model Validity

charles2 months ago2 months ago010 mins

Understanding the Assumptions of Linear Regression Linear regression is a powerful statistical technique used for modeling the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. While the model can be highly effective for making predictions, its validity and accuracy depend on certain assumptions being met. These assumptions ensure that the model fits…

Understanding Linear Regression and Key Metrics: P-Value, Coefficients, and R-Squared

charles2 months ago2 months ago011 mins

What is Linear Regression? Linear regression is one of the simplest and most widely used statistical methods in predictive modeling. It is a technique used to understand the relationship between a dependent variable (also called the target or output) and one or more independent variables (also known as predictors or features). The goal is to…

Understanding Type I and Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing

charles2 months ago2 months ago011 mins

What are Type I and Type II Errors? In statistical hypothesis testing, researchers use tests to make inferences about a population based on sample data. However, as with any process of decision-making, mistakes can occur. Two common types of errors in hypothesis testing are Type I and Type II errors. Understanding these errors is crucial…

Everything You Need to Know About SciPy

charles4 months ago036 mins

What is SciPy? SciPy is an interactive Python session used as a data-processing library that is made to compete with its rivalries such as MATLAB, Octave, R-Lab, etc. It has many user-friendly, efficient, and easy-to-use functions that help to solve problems like numerical integration, interpolation, optimization, linear algebra, and statistics. The benefit of using the…